Circadian Disruption and Its Impact on Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes
Introduction
The circadian clock plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including glucose metabolism. Disruption of the circadian rhythm can negatively affect glucose metabolism, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Glucose Regulation
The circadian clock regulates the HPA axis, which is essential for glucose regulation. The HPA axis releases hormones like cortisol, which helps regulate glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and inhibiting glucose uptake in peripheral tissues.
Circadian Clock Dysfunction and T2DM
Circadian clock dysfunction can lead to T2DM. Studies have shown that individuals with disrupted circadian rhythms have an increased risk of developing T2DM. This is because circadian clock dysfunction can affect the HPA axis and other processes involved in glucose metabolism.
Late Circadian Meal Timing and Glucose Tolerance
Eating at an adverse circadian phase, such as late at night, can impair glucose tolerance. This is because the body's metabolism is not optimized for glucose metabolism at these late hours. Late-night meals can lead to increased blood sugar levels and decreased insulin sensitivity.
Molecular Mechanisms of Circadian Disruption
Researchers are exploring the molecular and physiological mechanisms responsible for circadian disruption-associated risk of T2DM. They are investigating how circadian clock genes and proteins influence glucose metabolism and how disruption of these mechanisms can contribute to T2DM development.
T2DM and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Risk
T2DM patients are at a higher risk of developing AD. This link is thought to be related to the shared molecular pathways and inflammatory processes involved in both diseases. Circadian disruption is believed to contribute to this increased risk by affecting both glucose metabolism and neuroinflammatory pathways in the brain.
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